3D CFD modelling of spillways: Practical feedback on capabilities and challenges

With the continuous development of computing capabilities, the numerical modelling of complex hydraulic flows has become more and more efficient and cost effective, providing a powerful tool for hydraulic analysis, from preliminary to detailed studies. This article describes how the 3D CFD tool has been first validated on a large range of hydraulic phenomena, then used at several large projects to analyse and optimize the design or operation of the hydraulic structures. Emphasis is on the challenges that still have to be overcome, in particular the impact of air entrainment.